Buy Propranolol (beta) Cas 525-66-6

Propranolol is a medication of the beta blocker class.^[2][7][9] It is used to treat high blood pressure, some types of irregular heart rate, thyrotoxicosis, capillary hemangiomas, akathisia, performance anxiety, and essential tremors,^{[9][10][11][12]} as well as to prevent migraine headaches, and to prevent further heart problems in those with angina or previous heart attacks.^[9] It can be taken orally, rectally, or by intravenous injection.^[9][3] The formulation that is taken orally comes in short-acting and long-acting versions.^[9] Propranolol appears in the blood after 30 minutes and has a maximum effect between 60 and 90 minutes when taken orally.^[9][13]

Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation.^[9] It may worsen the symptoms of asthma.^[9] Propranolol may cause harmful effects for the fetus if taken during pregnancy;^[14] however, its use during breastfeeding is generally considered to be safe.^[15] It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors.^[9]

Propranolol was patented in 1962 and approved for medical use in 1964.^[16] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.^[17] Propranolol is available as a generic medication.^[9] In 2023, it was the 69th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.^[18][19]

Propranolol is indicated for the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure).^[2][4] angina pectoris,^[2][4] atrial fibrillation,^[2] myocardial infarction,^[2] migraine,^[4] essential tremor,^[2] hypertrophic subaortic stenosis,^[4] and pheochromocytoma (catecholamine-secreting tumors).^[2]

Propranolol is also indicated for the treatment of proliferating infantile hemangioma requiring systemic therapy.^[6]

While once a first-line treatment for hypertension, the role of beta blockers was downgraded in June 2006, in the United Kingdom, to fourth-line, as they do not perform as well as other drugs, particularly in the elderly, and evidence is increasing that the most frequently used beta blockers at usual doses carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes.^[20][21][22]

Propranolol is not recommended for the treatment of high blood pressure by the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) because a higher rate of the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke compared to an angiotensin receptor blocker was noted in one study.^[23][22]

Propranolol is occasionally used to treat performance anxiety,^[10] although evidence to support its use in any anxiety disorders is poor.^[24] Its efficacy in managing panic disorder appears similar to benzodiazepines, while carrying lower risks for addiction or abuse.^[24] Although beta blockers such as propranolol have been suggested to be beneficial in managing physical symptoms of anxiety, its efficacy in treating generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder remain unestablished.^[25] It is thought that beta blockers do not directly treat psychological symptoms of anxiety, but can help control physical symptoms such as palpitations, and this may interfere with a positive feedback loop to indirectly reduce psychological anxiety.^[26]

A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis found widespread prescription of beta blockers, namely propranolol, for treatment of anxiety disorders, but found no evidence of a beneficial effect relative to placebo or benzodiazepines in people with social phobia or panic disorder.^[26] However, the quality of evidence, including both numbers of studies and patients as well as quality and risk of bias of those studies, was limited.^[26] Findings were similar in a previous 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis.^[27]

Other beta blockers that have been used to treat anxiety disorders besides propranolol include atenolol, betaxolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, and pindolol.^[26][28]

Some experimentation has been conducted in other psychiatric areas:^[29]

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and specific phobias
• Aggressive behavior of patients with brain injuries^[30]
• Treating the excessive drinking of fluids in psychogenic polydipsia^[31][32]

Propranolol is being investigated as a potential treatment for PTSD.^[33][34][35] Propranolol works to inhibit the actions of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), a neurotransmitter that enhances memory consolidation.^[36] In one small study, individuals given propranolol immediately after trauma experienced fewer stress-related symptoms and lower rates of PTSD than respective control groups who did not receive the drug.^[37] Due to the fact that memories and their emotional content are reconsolidated in the hours after they are recalled or re-experienced, propranolol can also diminish the emotional impact of already formed memories; for this reason, it is also being studied in the treatment of specific phobias, such as arachnophobia, dental fear, and social phobia.^[24] It has also been found to be helpful for some individuals with misophonia.^[38]