Buy Citalopram (Celexa) Cas 59729-33-8
Buy Citalopram (Celexa) Cas 59729-33-8
Buy Citalopram (Celexa) Cas 59729-33-8
Citalopram, sold under the brand name Celexa among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.[7][9] It is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia.[7] The antidepressant effects may take one to four weeks to occur.[7] It is typically taken orally (swallowed by mouth).[7][9] In some European countries, it is sometimes given intravenously (injected into a vein) to initiate treatment, before switching to the oral route of administration for continuation of treatment.[4] It has also been used intravenously in other parts of the world in some other circumstances.[5][6]
Common side effects include nausea, trouble sleeping, sexual problems, shakiness, feeling tired, and sweating.[7] Serious side effects include an increased risk of suicide in those under the age of 25, serotonin syndrome, glaucoma, and QT prolongation.[7] It should not be used in persons who take or have recently taken an MAO inhibitor.[7] There are concerns that use during pregnancy may harm the fetus.[3]
Citalopram was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998.[7] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.[10] It is available as a generic medication.[11] In 2023, it was the 43rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 14 million prescriptions.[12][13]
Medical uses
Depression
In the United States, citalopram is approved to treat major depressive disorder.[14] Citalopram appears to have comparable efficacy and superior tolerability relative to other antidepressants.[15][16] In the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ranking of ten antidepressants for efficacy and cost-effectiveness, citalopram is fifth in effectiveness (after mirtazapine, escitalopram, venlafaxine, and sertraline) and fourth in cost-effectiveness.[17]
Evidence for the effectiveness of citalopram for treating depression in children is uncertain.[18][19]
Panic disorder
Citalopram is licensed in the UK[20] and other European countries[21] for panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia.
Other
Citalopram may be used off-label to treat anxiety, and dysthymia,[22] premenstrual dysphoric disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder.[23]
It appears to be as effective as fluvoxamine and paroxetine in obsessive–compulsive disorder.[24] Some data suggest the effectiveness of intravenous infusion of citalopram in resistant OCD.[5] Citalopram is well tolerated and as effective as moclobemide in social anxiety disorder.[25] There are studies suggesting that citalopram can be useful in reducing aggressive and impulsive behavior.[26][27] It appears to be superior to placebo for behavioural disturbances associated with dementia.[28] It has also been used successfully for hypersexuality in early Alzheimer’s disease.[29]
A meta-analysis, including studies with fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, and citalopram versus placebo, showed SSRIs to be effective in reducing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, whether taken continuously or just in the luteal phase.[30] For alcoholism, citalopram has produced a modest reduction alcohol intake and increase in drink-free days in studies of alcoholics, possibly by decreasing desire or reducing the reward.[31]
While on its own citalopram is less effective than amitriptyline in the prevention of migraines, in refractory cases, combination therapy may be more effective.
Citalopram is an antidepressant drug used to treat depression associated with mood disorders. It is also used on occasion in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety.
Citalopram belongs to a class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is sold under the brand-names Celexa (U.S., Forest Laboratories, Inc.), Cipramil , Citrol, Seropram,Talam (Europe and Australia), Recital (Israel, Thrima Inc. for Unipharm Ltd.), Zetalo (India), Celepram, Ciazil (Australia), Zentius (South America, Roemmers), Cilift (South Africa) and Cipram (Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S).
Citalopram was originally created in 1989,[1] by the pharmaceutical company Lundbeck. The patent expired in 2003, allowing other companies legally to produce generic versions.
Lundbeck has recently released an updated formulation called escitalopram (also known as Cipralex or Lexapro), which is the S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram (see below), and acquired a new patent for it. In the United States, Forest Laboratories licenses the rights for both Celexa and Lexapro from Lundbeck, which is based in Denmark.
Indications
Approved
Citalopram is primarily used to treat the symptoms of depression but can also be prescribed for social anxiety disorder, panic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Also prescribed in Huntington’s disease and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Unapproved/Off-label/Investigational
Citalopram has been found to significantly reduce the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,[2] and premature ejaculation.[3] There is also evidence that citalopram may be effective in the treatment of post-stroke pathological crying.[4]
While on its own Citalopram is less effective than amitriptyline in the prevention of migraines, in refractory cases combination therapy may be more effective.[5]
Side effects and drug interactions
Citalopram is generally considered safe and well-tolerated in the therapeutic dose range of 20 to 60 mg/day. A doctor must always monitor a patient taking an SSRI like citalopram. Distinct from some other agents in its class, citalopram exhibits linear pharmacokinetics and minimal drug interaction potential, making it a better choice for the elderly or comorbid patients.[6] Citalopram should be taken with caution when using St John’s wort.[7]
Citalopram can have a number of adverse effects. In clinical trials, over 10% of patients reported one or more of the following side effects: fatigue, drowsiness, dry mouth, increased sweating (hyperhidrosis), trembling, headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, insomnia, cardiac arrhythmia, blood pressure changes, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhea, heightened anorgasmia in females, impotence and ejaculatory problems in males. In rare cases (around over 1% of cases), some allergic reactions, convulsions, mood changes, anxiety and confusion have been reported. Also sedation may be present during treatment of citalopram. If this occurs it is advisable to take the dose at bedtime instead of in the morning.
Another uncommon side effect is bruxism (teeth grinding).[8] When patients start using citalopram they may experience a feeling similar to electricity or minor shocks in their upper body and in their hands. This is caused by the chemical changes occurring in the brain and they pass with time. Occasionally, panic attacks, thoughts of suicide or self-injury may occur or increase in the first few weeks, before the antidepressant effect starts.[9]
Citalopram and other SSRIs have been shown to cause sexual side effects in some patients, both males and females.[10] Although usually reversible, these sexual side effects can sometimes last for months, years or possibly indefinitely even after the drug has been completely withdrawn. This disorder is known as Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction.
Citalopram is contraindicated in individuals taking MAOIs. It is considered relatively safe in overdose, although fatal cases of dosages 840 mg to 1960 mg have been reported.[11]
SSRI discontinuation syndrome has been reported when treatment is stopped. Tapering off citalopram therapy, as opposed to abrupt discontinuation, is recommended in order to diminish the occurrence of discontinuation symptoms.
Stereochemistry
Citalopram has a stereocenter, to which a 4-fluorophenyl group and an N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropyl group bind. Due to this chirality the molecule exists in (two) enantiomeric forms (mirror images). They are termed S-(+)-citalopram and R-(−)-citalopram.
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